Over the past decade, numerous studies have attempted to enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy (external beam radiotherapy and internal radioisotope therapy) for cancer treatment. However, the low radiation absorption coefficient and radiation resistance of tumors remain major critical challenges for radiotherapy in the clinic. With the development of nanomedicine, nanomaterials in combination with radiotherapy offer the possibility to improve the efficiency of radiotherapy in tumors. Nanomaterials act not only as radiosensitizers to enhance radiation energy, but also as nanocarriers to deliver therapeutic units in combating radiation resistance. In this review, we discuss opportunities for a synergistic cancer therapy by combining radiotherapy based on nanomaterials designed for chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, gas therapy, genetic therapy, and immunotherapy. We highlight how nanomaterials can be utilized to amplify antitumor radiation responses and describe cooperative enhancement interactions among these synergistic therapies. Moreover, the potential challenges and future prospects of radio-based nanomedicine to maximize their synergistic efficiency for cancer treatment are identified.
Focal adhesions are polyproteins linked to extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton, which play an important role
in the process of transforming force signals into intracellular chemical signals and subsequently triggering related
physiological or pathological reactions. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm, which is
composed of microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and cross-linked proteins. It is a very important
structure for cells to maintain their basic morphology. This review summarizes the process of fluid shear stress
transduction mediated by focal adhesion and the key role of the cytoskeleton in this process, which focuses on the
focal adhesion and cytoskeleton systems. The important proteins involved in signal transduction in focal adhesion are
introduced emphatically. The relationship between focal adhesion and mechanical transduction pathways are
discussed. In this review, we discuss the relationship between fluid shear stress and associated diseases such as
atherosclerosis, as well as its role in clinical research and drug development. 相似文献